A DNA test analyzes genetic material to determine biological relationships or identify genetic traits. It compares unique DNA markers between individuals.

Common tests include paternity, maternity, siblingship, avuncular (aunt/uncle), and grandparentage tests.

Accuracy exceeds 99.99% for inclusion results when testing 16–24 genetic markers.

No, but her participation improves accuracy and helps resolve mutations or unexpected results.

Yes, via Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing (NIPPT), which analyzes fetal DNA in the mother’s bloodstream.

Cheek swabs (most common), blood, hair, nails, teeth, or saliva from items like cigarette butts.

• Legal tests require chain-of-custody documentation and court-admissible results.

• Personal tests are for private use and allow self-collection.

Testing close relatives (e.g., siblings, parents) or alternative samples (e.g., hair, toothbrushes) can provide indirect evidence.